Additive models with random scaling factors: applications to modeling price response functions

نویسندگان

  • Peter Wechselberger
  • Stefan Lang
  • Winfried J. Steiner
چکیده

We discuss inference for additive models with random scaling factors. The additive effects are of the form (1 + γ)f (z) where f is a nonlinear function of the continuous covariate z modeled by P(enalized)splines and 1 + γ is a random scaling factor. Additionally, monotonicity constraints on the nonlinear functions are possible. Our work is motivated by the situation of a retailer analyzing the impact of price changes on a brand’s sales in its orange juice product category. Relating sales to a brand’s own price as well as to the prices of competing brands in the category, we estimate ownand cross-item price response functions flexibly to represent nonlinearities and irregular pricing effects in sales response. Monotonicity constraints are imposed so that a brand’s own price is inversely related and the prices of competing brands are directly related to the number of items sold, as suggested by economic theory. Unobserved store-specific heterogeneity is accounted for by allowing the price response curves to vary between different stores. Zusammenfassung: Wir behandeln additive Modelle mit zufälligen Skalierungsfaktoren. Die additive Effekte haben die Form (1 + γ)f (z). f ist eine nichtlineare Funktion der stetigen Kovariable z, modelliert mittels P(enalized)splines und 1 + γ ist ein zufälliger Skalierungsfaktor. Den nichtlinearen Funktionen können zusätzlich Monotonierestriktionen auferlegt werden. Den Ausgangspunkt unserer Arbeit bildet die Situation eines Einzelhändlers, der den Einfluss von Preisänderungen auf den Absatz einer Orangensaftmarke in seinem Sortiment analysieren möchte. Eine entsprechende Absatzreaktionsfunktion lässt sich schätzen, indem der Absatz der betrachteten Marke als nichtlineare Funktion des eigenen Preises sowie der Preise der Konkurrenzmarken modelliert wird. Monotonierestriktionen für die Preiseffekte gewährleisten darüber hinaus einen inversen Verlauf des Absatzes bezüglich des eigenen Preises sowie eine direkte Beziehung des Absatzes zu Konkurrenzpreisen, wie es in Anlehnung an die ökonomische Preistheorie zu erwarten ist. Unbeobachtete Heterogenität wird berücksichtigt, indem die Preiseffekte über die einzelnen Geschäfte des Händlers zufällig variieren können.

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تاریخ انتشار 2007